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Communication as an action and as an experience: an extended reformulation of the concept of self-simplification of social systems by Niklas Luhmann
Abstract
The present work presents, reconstructs and reformulates the concept of self-simplifying of social systems formulated by Luhmann´s General Theory of Social Systems. For presentation, we expose the fundamental problem of the self-description of complex systems and the contribution of Hierarchy Theory through the pioneering concept of self-simplifying. For reconstruction, we identify the theoretical network that Luhmann developed between self-simplifying, action and presentation of itself and analyze, firstly, the evolution of these elements until Social Systems, and secondly its substantive relationship with the communication based on their functional orientation to the problem of the self-description of social systems. For its reformulation we present two hypotheses. The former is a critical hypothesis that calls into question the original formulation of Luhmann due its narrowness, reductionism and restricted. The latter is a propositive hypothesis that suggests a theoretical expansion of self-simplifying in connection with the distinction action/ experience and with the differentiation of attributions.Keywords:
Communication, Action / Experience, Theory of social systems, self-simplification, Niklas LuhmannReferences
Ahl, V. & Allen, T. F. H. (1996). Hierarchy Theory: a Vision, Vocabulary, and Epistemology. New York: Columbia University Press.
Baecker, D. (2005). Kommunikation. Leipzig: Reclam.
Bloor, D. (1976). Knowledge and Social Imagery. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brandão, G. (2008). Luhmann y la complejidad: una introducción transdisciplinar. Revista Mad – Universidad de Chile, 19, 99–110.
Cadenas, H. (2016). Return to sender? Or why messages never reach their destination, Constructivist Foundations, 12(1), 45–46.
Humphreys, P. (2006). Self-Assembling systems. Philosophy of Science, 73(5), 595–604.
Lakatos, I. (1974). Historia de las ciencias y sus reconstrucciones racionales. Madrid: Tecnos.
Levins, R. (1973). The limits of complexity. In: H. Pattee (ed.), Hierarchy theory. The challenge of complex systems (pp. 109–127). New York: George Brazillier.
Luhmann, N. (1998). Sistemas sociales: Lineamientos para una teoría general. México DF: Anthropos.
Luhmann, N. (2007). La sociedad de la sociedad. México DF: Herder.
Luhmann, N. (2009a). Erleben und Handeln. In N. Luhmann, Soziologische Aufklärung Bd. 3 (pp. 77–92). Wiesbaden: VS.
Luhmann, N. (2009b). Vorbemerkungen zu einer Theorie sozialer Systeme. In N. Luhmann, Soziologische Aufklärung Bd. 3 (pp. 11–24). Wiesbaden: VS.
Luhmann, N. & Schorr K. E. (1993) El sistema educativo (Problemas de reflexión). Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara, Universidad Iberoamericana.
Mascareño, A. (2010). Construct this! O por qué el constructivismo sistémico es real. Revista Mad – Universidad de Chile, 23, 9–24.
Pattee, H. (1971). The recognition of description and function in chemical reaction networks. In R. Buvet & C. Ponnamperuma (eds.), Molecular evolution I: Chemical evolution and the origin of life (pp. 42–50). New York: Elsevier-North Holland.
Pattee, H. (1972). The evolution of self-simplifying systems. In E. Laszlo (ed.), The relevance of general systems theory (pp. 31–41). New York: George Brazillier.
Pattee, H. (1973a). “Postcript. Unsolved problems and potential applications of Hierarchy Theory. In H. Pattee (ed.), Hierarchy theory. The challenge of complex systems (pp. 129–156). New York: George Brazillier.
Pattee, H. (1973b). The physical basis and origin of hierarchical control. In H. Pattee (ed.), Hierarchy theory. The challenge of complex systems (pp. 71–108). New York: George Brazillier.
Pattee, H. (1976). The role of inestabilities in evolution of control hierarchies”. In T. Burns & W. Buckley (eds.), Power and control. Social structures and their transformations (pp. 171–184). California: ISA-Sage.
Pignuoli Ocampo, S. (2017). La perspectiva del programa de investigación multinivelado como metodología de teoría sistemática. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 79(2), 401–430.
Pignuoli Ocampo, S. (2013). El modelo sintético de comunicación de Niklas Luhmann. Cinta de Moebio, 47, 59-73.
Rasch, W. (2000). Niklas Luhmann´s modernity. The paradoxes of differentiation. California: Stanford University Press.
Robles, F. (2000). Sistemas de interacción, doble contingencia y autopoiesis indexical. Cinta de Moebio, 15, 339–372.
Rodríguez, D. & Arnold, M. (2007). Sociedad y teoría de sistemas. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria.
Rosen, R. (1969). Hierarchical organization in automata theoretic models of biological systems. In L. Whyte, A. Wilson & D. Wilson (eds.), Hierarchical structures (pp. 179–199). New York: American Elsevier.
Rosen, R. (1971). Some realizations of (M, R)-systems and their interpretation. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 33(3), 303–19.
Rosen, R. (1976). Structural stability, alternate descriptions and information. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 63(1), 19–31.
Rosen, R. (1979). Sixth annual Ludwig von Bertalanffy memorial lecture. Behavioral Science, 24(4), 238–249.
Simon, H. (1962). The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106(6), 467–482.
Stäheli, U. (2000). Sinnzusammenbrüche. Weilerswist: Velbrück Wissenschaft.
Stichweh, R. (2006). Semantik und Sozialstruktur. Zu Logik einer systemtheoretischen Unterscheideung. In: D. Tänzler, H. Knoblauch, HG Soeffner (eds.), Neue Perspektiven der Wissenssoziologie (pp. 157–171). Konstanz: UVK.
Stichweh, R. (2000). Systems theory as an alternative to action theory? The rise of ‘communication’ as a theoretical option. Acta Sociológica 43(1), 5–13.
von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General system theory. Foundations, developments and applications. New York: George Brazillier.
Weiss, P. (1962). From cell to molecule. In: J. Allen (ed.), The molecular control of cellular activity (pp. 1–72). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Baecker, D. (2005). Kommunikation. Leipzig: Reclam.
Bloor, D. (1976). Knowledge and Social Imagery. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brandão, G. (2008). Luhmann y la complejidad: una introducción transdisciplinar. Revista Mad – Universidad de Chile, 19, 99–110.
Cadenas, H. (2016). Return to sender? Or why messages never reach their destination, Constructivist Foundations, 12(1), 45–46.
Humphreys, P. (2006). Self-Assembling systems. Philosophy of Science, 73(5), 595–604.
Lakatos, I. (1974). Historia de las ciencias y sus reconstrucciones racionales. Madrid: Tecnos.
Levins, R. (1973). The limits of complexity. In: H. Pattee (ed.), Hierarchy theory. The challenge of complex systems (pp. 109–127). New York: George Brazillier.
Luhmann, N. (1998). Sistemas sociales: Lineamientos para una teoría general. México DF: Anthropos.
Luhmann, N. (2007). La sociedad de la sociedad. México DF: Herder.
Luhmann, N. (2009a). Erleben und Handeln. In N. Luhmann, Soziologische Aufklärung Bd. 3 (pp. 77–92). Wiesbaden: VS.
Luhmann, N. (2009b). Vorbemerkungen zu einer Theorie sozialer Systeme. In N. Luhmann, Soziologische Aufklärung Bd. 3 (pp. 11–24). Wiesbaden: VS.
Luhmann, N. & Schorr K. E. (1993) El sistema educativo (Problemas de reflexión). Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara, Universidad Iberoamericana.
Mascareño, A. (2010). Construct this! O por qué el constructivismo sistémico es real. Revista Mad – Universidad de Chile, 23, 9–24.
Pattee, H. (1971). The recognition of description and function in chemical reaction networks. In R. Buvet & C. Ponnamperuma (eds.), Molecular evolution I: Chemical evolution and the origin of life (pp. 42–50). New York: Elsevier-North Holland.
Pattee, H. (1972). The evolution of self-simplifying systems. In E. Laszlo (ed.), The relevance of general systems theory (pp. 31–41). New York: George Brazillier.
Pattee, H. (1973a). “Postcript. Unsolved problems and potential applications of Hierarchy Theory. In H. Pattee (ed.), Hierarchy theory. The challenge of complex systems (pp. 129–156). New York: George Brazillier.
Pattee, H. (1973b). The physical basis and origin of hierarchical control. In H. Pattee (ed.), Hierarchy theory. The challenge of complex systems (pp. 71–108). New York: George Brazillier.
Pattee, H. (1976). The role of inestabilities in evolution of control hierarchies”. In T. Burns & W. Buckley (eds.), Power and control. Social structures and their transformations (pp. 171–184). California: ISA-Sage.
Pignuoli Ocampo, S. (2017). La perspectiva del programa de investigación multinivelado como metodología de teoría sistemática. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 79(2), 401–430.
Pignuoli Ocampo, S. (2013). El modelo sintético de comunicación de Niklas Luhmann. Cinta de Moebio, 47, 59-73.
Rasch, W. (2000). Niklas Luhmann´s modernity. The paradoxes of differentiation. California: Stanford University Press.
Robles, F. (2000). Sistemas de interacción, doble contingencia y autopoiesis indexical. Cinta de Moebio, 15, 339–372.
Rodríguez, D. & Arnold, M. (2007). Sociedad y teoría de sistemas. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria.
Rosen, R. (1969). Hierarchical organization in automata theoretic models of biological systems. In L. Whyte, A. Wilson & D. Wilson (eds.), Hierarchical structures (pp. 179–199). New York: American Elsevier.
Rosen, R. (1971). Some realizations of (M, R)-systems and their interpretation. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 33(3), 303–19.
Rosen, R. (1976). Structural stability, alternate descriptions and information. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 63(1), 19–31.
Rosen, R. (1979). Sixth annual Ludwig von Bertalanffy memorial lecture. Behavioral Science, 24(4), 238–249.
Simon, H. (1962). The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106(6), 467–482.
Stäheli, U. (2000). Sinnzusammenbrüche. Weilerswist: Velbrück Wissenschaft.
Stichweh, R. (2006). Semantik und Sozialstruktur. Zu Logik einer systemtheoretischen Unterscheideung. In: D. Tänzler, H. Knoblauch, HG Soeffner (eds.), Neue Perspektiven der Wissenssoziologie (pp. 157–171). Konstanz: UVK.
Stichweh, R. (2000). Systems theory as an alternative to action theory? The rise of ‘communication’ as a theoretical option. Acta Sociológica 43(1), 5–13.
von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General system theory. Foundations, developments and applications. New York: George Brazillier.
Weiss, P. (1962). From cell to molecule. In: J. Allen (ed.), The molecular control of cellular activity (pp. 1–72). New York: McGraw-Hill.
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